@prefix dcat: <http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#> .
@prefix dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix vcard: <http://www.w3.org/2006/vcard/ns#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .

<https://doi.org/10.71694/0etrciri> a dcat:Dataset ;
    dct:description """Expanded result datasets from the conference proceedings article "[Where do Germany's electricity imports come from?](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11050092)", presented at the [21st International Conference on the European Energy Market Lisbon](https://eem25.pt/), 27-29 May 2025, Portugal (free preprint available [here](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20232)). The work was also discussed in a [presentation](https://zenodo.org/records/15025563) at the [2nd NFDI4Energy Conference 2025](https://nfdi4energy.uol.de/sites/conference/2025/) in Karlsruhe, Germany.  \r
\r
Each file contains electricity imports of the Germany-Luxembourg bidding zone for the given year either per origin bidding zone (accordingly, per origin country can be calculated by aggregating over corresponding bidding zone values) or per generation technology, based on different measures. Additionally, complete hourly time series per origin bidding zone, per origin type, and per origin type per bidding zone are available. It should be emphasized that, as will be discussed in the article, there is no uniquely correct measure for the amount or origin/type of electricity imports, but rather different methods based on different interpretations, yielding potentially very different results.  \r
\r
Abbreviations used for the different measures*:  \r
CFT: Commercial flows total  \r
Netted CFT: Netted commercial flows total  \r
Pooled Net CFT: Pooled net commercial imports total  \r
Pooled Net Phys.: Pooled net physical imports  \r
DC Flow Tracing: Direct coupling flow tracing  \r
AC Flow Tracing: Aggregated coupling flow tracing  \r
\r
All results are given in TWh for yearly values, and MWh for hourly values. Measures are defined in the [supplementary material](https://service.tib.eu/ldm_nfdi4energy/ldmservice/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/2e25914c-3e0b-42df-b1b2-6b73d35c7e27/download/imports_supplementary_material.pdf). Additional information on the flow tracing method can be found in [Schäfer et al. (2020)](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9221928) ([free preprint](https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.00893), [explanatory video](https://videoportal.uni-freiburg.de/video/tracing-carbon-dioxide-emissions-in-the-european-electricity-market/8296bd92990ccbd7e176be95dc1b1bc7)). Total values can slightly differ despite conceptually being equal due to numerical inaccuracies in the flow-tracing calculation.\r
\r
*Note that the Pooled Netted CFT method has been deprecated and is not included in this dataset\r
\r
\r
""" ;
    dct:identifier "c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909" ;
    dct:issued "2025-03-20T10:37:15.392903"^^xsd:dateTime ;
    dct:modified "2026-06-30T06:32:41.806301"^^xsd:dateTime ;
    dct:publisher <https://service.tib.eu/organization/dd183d54-d3ab-4a0a-8a1c-6bc73f3ee927> ;
    dct:title "German Electricity Imports per Country and per Type, 2021-2025 [Dataset and supplementary material]" ;
    dcat:contactPoint [ a vcard:Organization ;
            vcard:fn "Mirko Schäfer" ;
            vcard:hasEmail <mailto:mirko.schaefer@inatech.uni-freiburg.de> ] ;
    dcat:creator dct:Agent,
        dct:creator ;
    dcat:distribution <https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/065e0bcd-bcec-4ccf-9f33-e0a3c281381b>,
        <https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/0900f8db-f935-4584-9d63-7222724fe60f>,
        <https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/276797a0-5380-4e8d-ad96-d731de8ac9bf>,
        <https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/2e25914c-3e0b-42df-b1b2-6b73d35c7e27>,
        <https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/5011e091-73b2-471d-b6e3-0a89ede5e623>,
        <https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/622e8f62-fd61-41c9-9c7c-20a087dfc19d>,
        <https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/7f2809be-870c-4c87-8a43-86766f67fa7e>,
        <https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/953904f1-5665-4027-ae3d-dbb6a845d1a5>,
        <https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/bdfdb17a-73aa-4c95-bd48-77f259bc4281>,
        <https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/c11df6a4-8d00-41d6-aad8-71c85cb90a0e>,
        <https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/ce9191d0-4c90-4163-81da-4750797165a2>,
        <https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/d6123c2d-9d35-4b57-abe7-14992bb8e8bc>,
        <https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/f8e85613-48ed-43d5-91ce-9441e2062321>,
        <https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/f98841b4-5b4b-4535-bd31-d414a0b491f8> .

dct:creator dct:Agent dct:Agent ;
    dct:identifier <http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2361-0912>,
        <http://orcid.org/0009-0002-7992-9121> ;
    foaf:Name "Anke Weidlich",
        "Frank Boerman",
        "Tiernan Buckley" .

<https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/065e0bcd-bcec-4ccf-9f33-e0a3c281381b> a dcat:Distribution ;
    dct:description "CSV containing combined hourly import timeseries (in MWh) for DE_LU across all 6 methodologies, categorized by generation technology types." ;
    dct:format "CSV" ;
    dct:language "English" ;
    dct:title "DE_LU Import Per Type Time Series 2021-2025" ;
    dcat:accessURL <https://service.tib.eu/ldm_nfdi4energy/ldmservice/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/065e0bcd-bcec-4ccf-9f33-e0a3c281381b/download/de_lu_timeseries_master_per_type_2021_2025.csv> ;
    dcat:byteSize 76129212.0 ;
    dcat:mediaType "text/csv" .

<https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/0900f8db-f935-4584-9d63-7222724fe60f> a dcat:Distribution ;
    dct:description "CSV containing DE_LU's annual import totals (in TWh) for 2023 across all 6 methodologies, per (aggregated) generation technology types." ;
    dct:format "CSV" ;
    dct:language "English" ;
    dct:title "DE_LU Import Per Type Totals 2023" ;
    dcat:accessURL <https://service.tib.eu/ldm_nfdi4energy/ldmservice/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/0900f8db-f935-4584-9d63-7222724fe60f/download/de_lu_annual_totals_import_per_agg_type_2023.csv> ;
    dcat:byteSize 1701.0 ;
    dcat:mediaType "text/csv" .

<https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/276797a0-5380-4e8d-ad96-d731de8ac9bf> a dcat:Distribution ;
    dct:description "CSV containing DE_LU's annual import totals (in TWh) for 2025 across all 6 methodologies, per (aggregated) generation technology types." ;
    dct:format "CSV" ;
    dct:language "English" ;
    dct:title "DE_LU Import Per Type Totals 2025" ;
    dcat:accessURL <https://service.tib.eu/ldm_nfdi4energy/ldmservice/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/276797a0-5380-4e8d-ad96-d731de8ac9bf/download/de_lu_annual_totals_import_per_agg_type_2025.csv> ;
    dcat:byteSize 1717.0 ;
    dcat:mediaType "text/csv" .

<https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/2e25914c-3e0b-42df-b1b2-6b73d35c7e27> a dcat:Distribution ;
    dct:description "Definitions of the different measures applied to determine the origin of electricity import." ;
    dct:format "PDF" ;
    dct:title "Supplementary Material" ;
    dcat:accessURL <https://service.tib.eu/ldm_nfdi4energy/ldmservice/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/2e25914c-3e0b-42df-b1b2-6b73d35c7e27/download/eem2025_imports_supplementary_material.pdf> ;
    dcat:byteSize 302376.0 ;
    dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" .

<https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/5011e091-73b2-471d-b6e3-0a89ede5e623> a dcat:Distribution ;
    dct:description "CSV containing DE_LU's annual import totals (in TWh) for 2024 across all 6 methodologies, per bidding zone." ;
    dct:format "CSV" ;
    dct:language "English" ;
    dct:title "DE_LU Import Per Bidding Zone Totals 2024" ;
    dcat:accessURL <https://service.tib.eu/ldm_nfdi4energy/ldmservice/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/5011e091-73b2-471d-b6e3-0a89ede5e623/download/de_lu_annual_totals_import_per_bidding_zone_2024.csv> ;
    dcat:byteSize 4775.0 ;
    dcat:mediaType "text/csv" .

<https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/622e8f62-fd61-41c9-9c7c-20a087dfc19d> a dcat:Distribution ;
    dct:description "CSV containing DE_LU's annual import totals (in TWh) for 2021 across all 6 methodologies, per bidding zone." ;
    dct:format "CSV" ;
    dct:language "English" ;
    dct:title "DE_LU Import Per Bidding Zone Totals 2021" ;
    dcat:accessURL <https://service.tib.eu/ldm_nfdi4energy/ldmservice/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/622e8f62-fd61-41c9-9c7c-20a087dfc19d/download/de_lu_annual_totals_import_per_bidding_zone_2021.csv> ;
    dcat:byteSize 4789.0 ;
    dcat:mediaType "text/csv" .

<https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/7f2809be-870c-4c87-8a43-86766f67fa7e> a dcat:Distribution ;
    dct:description "CSV containing combined hourly import timeseries (in MWh) for DE_LU across all 6 methodologies, on a generation technology basis per bidding zone." ;
    dct:format "CSV" ;
    dct:language "English" ;
    dct:title "DE_LU Import Per Type Per Bidding Zone Time Series 2021-2025" ;
    dcat:accessURL <https://service.tib.eu/ldm_nfdi4energy/ldmservice/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/7f2809be-870c-4c87-8a43-86766f67fa7e/download/de_lu_timeseries_master_per_type_per_bidding_zone_2021_2025.csv> ;
    dcat:byteSize 773572237.0 ;
    dcat:mediaType "text/csv" .

<https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/953904f1-5665-4027-ae3d-dbb6a845d1a5> a dcat:Distribution ;
    dct:description "CSV containing DE_LU's annual import totals (in TWh) for 2021 across all 6 methodologies, per (aggregated) generation technology types." ;
    dct:format "CSV" ;
    dct:language "English" ;
    dct:title "DE_LU Import Per Type Totals 2021" ;
    dcat:accessURL <https://service.tib.eu/ldm_nfdi4energy/ldmservice/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/953904f1-5665-4027-ae3d-dbb6a845d1a5/download/de_lu_annual_totals_import_per_agg_type_2021.csv> ;
    dcat:byteSize 1729.0 ;
    dcat:mediaType "text/csv" .

<https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/bdfdb17a-73aa-4c95-bd48-77f259bc4281> a dcat:Distribution ;
    dct:description "CSV containing combined hourly import timeseries (in MWh) for DE_LU across all 6 methodologies, per bidding zone." ;
    dct:format "CSV" ;
    dct:language "English" ;
    dct:title "DE_LU Import Per Bidding Zone Time Series 2021-2025" ;
    dcat:accessURL <https://service.tib.eu/ldm_nfdi4energy/ldmservice/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/bdfdb17a-73aa-4c95-bd48-77f259bc4281/download/de_lu_timeseries_master_per_bidding_zone_2021_2025.csv> ;
    dcat:byteSize 86064646.0 ;
    dcat:mediaType "text/csv" .

<https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/c11df6a4-8d00-41d6-aad8-71c85cb90a0e> a dcat:Distribution ;
    dct:description "CSV containing DE_LU's annual import totals (in TWh) for 2025 across all 6 methodologies, per bidding zone." ;
    dct:format "CSV" ;
    dct:language "English" ;
    dct:title "DE_LU Import Per Bidding Zone Totals 2025" ;
    dcat:accessURL <https://service.tib.eu/ldm_nfdi4energy/ldmservice/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/c11df6a4-8d00-41d6-aad8-71c85cb90a0e/download/de_lu_annual_totals_import_per_bidding_zone_2025.csv> ;
    dcat:byteSize 4827.0 ;
    dcat:mediaType "text/csv" .

<https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/ce9191d0-4c90-4163-81da-4750797165a2> a dcat:Distribution ;
    dct:description "CSV containing DE_LU's annual import totals (in TWh) for 2024 across all 6 methodologies, per (aggregated) generation technology types." ;
    dct:format "CSV" ;
    dct:language "English" ;
    dct:title "DE_LU Import Per Type Totals 2024" ;
    dcat:accessURL <https://service.tib.eu/ldm_nfdi4energy/ldmservice/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/ce9191d0-4c90-4163-81da-4750797165a2/download/de_lu_annual_totals_import_per_agg_type_2024.csv> ;
    dcat:byteSize 1708.0 ;
    dcat:mediaType "text/csv" .

<https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/d6123c2d-9d35-4b57-abe7-14992bb8e8bc> a dcat:Distribution ;
    dct:description "CSV containing DE_LU's annual import totals (in TWh) for 2023 across all 6 methodologies, per bidding zone." ;
    dct:format "CSV" ;
    dct:language "English" ;
    dct:title "DE_LU Import Per Bidding Zone Totals 2023" ;
    dcat:accessURL <https://service.tib.eu/ldm_nfdi4energy/ldmservice/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/d6123c2d-9d35-4b57-abe7-14992bb8e8bc/download/de_lu_annual_totals_import_per_bidding_zone_2023.csv> ;
    dcat:byteSize 4705.0 ;
    dcat:mediaType "text/csv" .

<https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/f8e85613-48ed-43d5-91ce-9441e2062321> a dcat:Distribution ;
    dct:description "CSV containing DE_LU's annual import totals (in TWh) for 2022 across all 6 methodologies, per bidding zone." ;
    dct:format "CSV" ;
    dct:language "English" ;
    dct:title "DE_LU Import Per Bidding Zone Totals 2022" ;
    dcat:accessURL <https://service.tib.eu/ldm_nfdi4energy/ldmservice/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/f8e85613-48ed-43d5-91ce-9441e2062321/download/de_lu_annual_totals_import_per_bidding_zone_2022.csv> ;
    dcat:byteSize 4778.0 ;
    dcat:mediaType "text/csv" .

<https://service.tib.eu/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/f98841b4-5b4b-4535-bd31-d414a0b491f8> a dcat:Distribution ;
    dct:description "CSV containing DE_LU's annual import totals (in TWh) for 2022 across all 6 methodologies, per (aggregated) generation technology types." ;
    dct:format "CSV" ;
    dct:language "English" ;
    dct:title "DE_LU Import Per Type Totals 2022" ;
    dcat:accessURL <https://service.tib.eu/ldm_nfdi4energy/ldmservice/dataset/c7d4d129-8617-4281-9325-000e4db77909/resource/f98841b4-5b4b-4535-bd31-d414a0b491f8/download/de_lu_annual_totals_import_per_agg_type_2022.csv> ;
    dcat:byteSize 1729.0 ;
    dcat:mediaType "text/csv" .

<https://service.tib.eu/organization/dd183d54-d3ab-4a0a-8a1c-6bc73f3ee927> a foaf:Organization ;
    foaf:name "Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg" .

dct:Agent dct:identifier <http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8029-949X> ;
    foaf:Name "Mirko Schäfer" .