In sea urchins, spermatozoa are stored in the gonads in hypercapnic conditions (pH<7.0). During spawning, sperm are diluted in seawater of pH>8.0, and there is an...

Under the ocean acidification (OA) conditions predicted for 2100, the larval stages of temperate sea urchins are smaller, with reduced and abnormal skeleton and changes in...

The Cape Rodney-Okakari Point Marine Reserve is New Zealand's oldest no-take marine reserve situated along the Leigh coast (est. 1978; the 'Leigh Marine Reserve' hereafter)....

The Cape Rodney-Okakari Point Marine Reserve is New Zealand's oldest no-take marine reserve situated along the Leigh coast (est. 1978; the 'Leigh Marine Reserve' hereafter)....

Extensive research has shown that the early life stages of marine organisms are sensitive to ocean acidification (OA). Less is known, however, on whether larval settlement and...