Microsatellite loci scores for individuals in Tethya burtoni complex

Correctly determining species' identity is critical for estimating biodiversity and effectively managing marine populations, but is difficult for species that have few morphological traits or are highly plastic. The advancement of molecular tools has begun to uncover cryptic species within groups that are phenotypically indistinguishable. Sponges are considered a taxonomically difficult group because they lack multiple consistent diagnostic features, which coupled with their common phenotypic plasticity, makes the presence of species complexes likely, but difficult to detect. Here, we investigated the evolutionary relationship of Tethya spp. in central New Zealand using both molecular and morphological techniques to highlight the potential for cryptic speciation in sponges. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on three markers (rnl, COI-ext, 18S) revealed three genetic clades, with one clade representing T. bergquistae and two clades belonging to what was a priori thought to be a single species, T. burtoni. Eleven microsatellite markers were also used to further resolve the T. burtoni group, revealing a division consistent with the 18S and rnl data. Morphological analysis based on spicule characteristics allowed T. bergquistae to be distinguished from T. burtoni, but revealed no apparent differences between the T. burtoni clades. Here, we highlight hidden genetic diversity within T. burtoni, likely representing a group consisting of incipient species that have recently undergone speciation but have yet to express skeletal differences. Our study demonstrates that cryptic speciation in sponges may go undetected and diversity underestimated when using only morphology-based taxonomy, which has broad scale implications for conservation and management of marine systems.