Colle Gnifetti (Monte Rosa, Alps) CG03B ice-core major ions (sodium, calcium, nitrate, sulfate) and refractory black carbon record between 1040 to 2001 CE

The impurity and stable isotope in water records extracted from the Colle Gnifetti ice core (Swiss-Italian Alps, 45°55′50″N, 7°52′33″E, 4455 m asl) contain information on the composition of the past atmosphere and climate conditions over the Holocene. Here we provide a continuous high-resolution (median 2.2 cm per sample) record of concentrations of major ions (Na+, Ca2+, NO3-, SO42-) and refractory black carbon (rBC) from an ice core drilled in 2003 (CG03B) encompassing the period 1040 to 2001 CE. Major ions were determined at the Paul Scherrer Institute using ion-chromatography (850 Professional IC, Metrohm), and rBC was analyzed with a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2, Droplet Measurement Technologies) and a jet (APEX-Q, Elemental Scientific Inc.) nebulizer to aerosolize the aqueous samples (Sigl et al., 2018). Ice-core dating is based on synchronization against a parallel ice core (CG03A; Sigl et al., 2009). This dataset underpins analyses of anthropogenic and natural emissions of aerosol species over the industrial (Sigl et al., 2018; Eckhardt et al., 2023) and pre-industrial periods (Brugger et al., 2021) and can serve as a benchmark for bottom-up emission inventories based on energy consumption.